Genetic Engineering Science vs. Religion - Free Essay Example

What View Does Science Have on Genetic Engineering? For the first time in history, evolution has taken a backseat to the meddling of humankind with their own genetic makeup. There is an ongoing realization that humanity is capable of directly shaping its own and other species evolution. As we ease into the twenty-first century, we realize that genetic engineering is undoubtedly going to have a dramatic effect on our lives. It seems that with genetic engineering, science has moved from exploring the natural world and its mechanisms to redesigning it. Now, we must ask ourselves this, will that influence be for better, or for worse? However, even the responses of science differ in this topic. Scientists remain divided in their opinions. Some have warned against the hazards of genetic engineering, while others have dismissed these perils as inconsequential. Two opposing viewpoints, which is right? Lewis Wolpert, professor of biology as applied to medicine at University College London, says that, There are no ethical issues because you are not doing any harm to anyone. And indeed, the gist of his statement is staunchly supported by James Watson, a Nobel Prize winner and president of Cold Spring Habour Laboratory. If we can make better human beings by knowing how to add genes, why shouldnt we do it? The biggest ethical problem is not using our knowledge. They are both extremely critical of excuses that gene tic engineering is a bad idea. Are they absolutely right? Are the predictions of doomsday just insubstantial bits of fluff with no proof to support these claims? Are we truly so confident as to proceed with no holds barred? Both scientists seem not to have the slightest bit of anxiety regarding potential glitches. They have found a fascinating playground in genetic engineering, and appears that it is not only a way for them to earn their livelihood, but also gain fame and fortune. Is their attitude towards this serious issue too cavalier or biased? Are they too unclear about the likelihood of threats to civilization? In contrast, two other prominent scientists have displayed their displeasure about genetic engineering. They have made no secret of the rather strong feelings against genetic engineering. George Wald, Nobel Prize-winning biologist and Harvard professor, wrote: Recombinant DNA technology [genetic engineering] faces our society with problems unprecedented not only in the history of science, but of life on the Earth. It places in human hands the capacity to redesign living organisms, the products of some three billion years of evolution. It is all too big and is happening too fast. So this, the central problem, remains almost unconsidered. It presents probably the largest ethical problem that science has ever had to face. Our morality up to now has been to go ahead without restriction to learn all that we can about nature. Restructuring nature was not part of the bargain For going ahead in this direction may be not only unwise but dangerous. Potentially, it could breed new animal and plant diseases, new sources of cancer, novel epidemics. Erwin Chargoff, an eminent geneticist who is sometimes called the father of modern microbiology too echoed Walds concerns. He commented: The principle question to be answered is whether we have the right to put an additional fearful load on generations not yet born. Our time is cursed with the necessity for feeble men, masquerading as experts, to make enormously far-reaching decisions. Is there anything more far-reaching than the creation of forms of life? You can stop splitting the atom; you can stop visiting the moon; you can stop using aerosols; you may even decide not to kill entire populations by the use of a few bombs. But you cannot recall a new form of life. An irreversible attack on the biosphere is something so unheard-of, so unthinkable to previous generations, that I could only wish that mine had not been guilty of it. Have we the right to counteract, irreversibly, the evolutionary wisdom of millions of years, in order to satisfy the ambition and curiosity of a few scientists? This world is given to us on loan. We come and we go; and after a time we leave earth and air and water to others who come after us. My generation, or perhaps the one preceding mine, has been the first to engage, under the leadership of the exact sciences, in a destructive colonial warfare against nature. The future will curse us for it. What is the Stand of the Catholic Church? For some Catholics, their stand on genetic engineering is steadfast, but rigid. For them, God alone is the master of human life and of its integrity, and in this belief, their only viable course of though is to be wary of the potential of genetic engineering for fundamentally altering Gods sacred creation. They seem to leave no room for the possibility that there might be a whole new viewpoint to this. In his 1983 address to members of the World Medical Association, Pope John Paul II, as the representative of the Catholic Church, shed some light on the topic from a different perspective. He did not refute the blatantly true statement that God is the creator of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen, nor did he deny that medicine is an eminent, essential form of service to mankind. However, he hastened to add, the extraordinary and rapid advance of medical science entails frequent rethinking of its deontology. Pope John Paul II touched on three major points: the respect for life, the unity of the human being and the rights of the human being. These key factors contribute to the concept of the fundamental rights of man and the dignity of humankind. Also, is there the realization that while evolution is inevitable, genetic manipulation poses a serious question to every individuals moral conscience. In his words, A strictly therapeutic intervention will, in principle, be considered desirable, provided it is directed to the true promotion of the personal well-being of man and does not infringe on his integrity or worsen his conditions of life. Such an intervention, indeed, would fall within the logic of the Christian moral tradition. But here the question returns. Indeed, it is of great interest to know if an intervention on genetic inheritance that goes beyond the limits of the therapeutic in the strict sense should be regarded likewise as morally acceptable. In particular, this kind of intervention must not infringe on the origin of human life. It must, consequently, respect the fundamental dignity of men and the common biological nature which is at the base of liberty, avoiding manipulations that tend to modify genetic inheritance and to create groups of different men at the risk of causing new cases of marginalization in society. Moreover, the fundamental attitudes that inspire the interventions of which we are speaking should not flow from a racist and materialist mentality aimed at a human well-being that is, in reality, reductionist. The dignity of man transcends his biological condition. Genetic manipulation becomes arbitrary and unjust when it reduces life to an object; when it forgets that it is dealing with a human subject, capable of intelligence and freedom, worthy of respect whatever may be their limitations. Or when it treats this person in terms of criteria not founded on the integral reality of the human person, at the risk of infringing upon his dignity Scientific and technical progress, whatever it be, must then maintain the greatest respect for the moral values that constitute a safeguard for the dignity of the human person. And because, in the order of medical values, life is the supreme and the most radical good of man, there must be a fundamental principle: first oppose everything harmful, then seek out and pursue the good. To tell the truth, the expression genetic manipulation remains ambiguous and should constitute an object of true moral discernment. It covers, on the one hand, adventuresome endeavors aimed at promoting I know not what kind of superman and, on the other hand, desirable and salutary interventions aimed at the correction of anomalies such as certain hereditary illnesses. Not to mention, of course, the beneficent applications in the domains of animal and vegetable biology that favor food production. For these last cases, some are beginning to speak, of genetic surgery, so as to show more clearly that medicine intervenes not in order to modify nature but to favor its development in its own life, that of the creation, as intended by God.

Musicians and Composers of World War II Essay - 1492 Words

Musicians and composers during World War II Music is loved by nearly everyone around the world; learning about composers and what they have been through can develop your understanding of music today. World War II certainly helped sculpt the face of music and of the composers of that time. The war affected German, American and French composers and musicians; causing them to write hateful music, or live with fear of writing any music at all. While many countries in Europe were celebrating the freedom to listen to any music they wanted, the Nazi Party was taking over Germany. The music that was listened to in Germany had to be approved by the Nazis. According to Adolf Hitler good German music was that of Beethoven, Wagner and Bruckner.†¦show more content†¦Beethoven believed that strength is the morality of the man who stands out from the rest (â€Å"Nazi Approved Music†). Elly Ney, a piano prodigy that hated Jews, was the daughter of an army sergeant in the Nazi Party. Because of the hatred towards Jewish people, they lost their jobs and gigs, so there were many musician jobs not being filled. When Elly Ney would get offered to fill in for a Jew, she would be very offended that she was doing a Jew’s job, but she would just try to concentrate on the music to get her by. Just because she was raised with hatred towards Jewish people caused her to hate any music involved with Judaism (â€Å"Nazi Approved Music†). The Third Reich was also a great factor in German composers and musicians getting jobs. Any German musician was forced to join the Reich. Music that was not accepted by the Third Reich was called â€Å"Jewish Degenerate†. Hundreds of talented composers and musicians did not have jobs because their music was not accepted in the Reich; Mhaler, Mendelssohn and Schoenberg all fall into that category, even though they are geniuses of music. Anton Webern agreed with Hitler’s ideas, but just because he was friends with S choenberg, his music was listed as degenerate (â€Å"Degenerate’Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Martin Heideggers Memorial Address1314 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Heidegger’s â€Å"Memorial Address† is more than a commemorative speech honoring composer, Conradin Kreutzer. Heidegger takes this opportunity to bring to light a pressing issue. The philosopher concerns over the societal imbalance between calculative thinking and meditative thinking, favoring the prior. This topic at this given event holds so much significance because he is speaking to an audience who is currently experiencing the issue he speaks of, and could easily apply it to their veryRead MoreModern Composers : John Cage1251 Words   |  6 PagesModern Composers: John Cage Music is a very peculiar term. 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Like all great artists, Joplin did not restrict himself to this favored art form. Both before the advent of ragtime and after, Joplin composed marches and waltzes, including the syncopated waltzes. Theres more to ragtime than syncopationRead MoreEssay on Igor Stravinsky1200 Words   |  5 Pages IGOR STRAVINSKY Igor Stravinsky is considered by many the greatest composer of the 20th Century. Several composers have made breakthroughs and great accomplishments in the past 100 years, but Stravinsky has dominated nearly every trend set. He was born near St. Petersburg, Russia in Oranienbaum, on June 17, 1882. He was born to a famous Russian bass opera singer, Fyodor Ignatyevich Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky was third of a family of four boys. 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In additionRead MoreBritain s Musical Influences Around The World1193 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Thomas Mrs. Rodriguez British Literature 2 March 2016 Britain’s Musical Influences Around the World Britain’s social and global development through shifts in the monarchy and many wars can be paralleled with its development of music as well. The influence of both classical, Baroque, and modern music, the Beatles, is seen around the world as many great shifts in the music world began in Great Britain. Read MoreThe Portuguese Machete De Braga1234 Words   |  5 Pagesname from how quickly the musician s fingers moved up and down the fingerboard. During the migration from Portugal, a ship  named Ravenscrag  docked in Honolulu in August of 1879. The immigrants celebrated their safe arrival with traditional Portuguese folksongs accompanied on the little four-stringed ukulele. It became a sensation almost immediately on the island of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Gazette reported less than two weeks later that a band of Portuguese musicians, composed of Madeira IslandersRead MoreModern Music After World War II1041 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper: Iannis Xenakis Iannis Xenakis (1922-2001) was a French composer who revolutionized modern music after World War II. He was the founder of stochastic music and composed works that include: Metastaseis, Diamorphosis, Pithoprakta, and Nuits . In his works he utilized mathematical concepts such as statistics, Brownian motion, Gauss’s law, set theory, game theory, as well as music techniques such as sound mass, and glissandos. Iannis Xenakis was born on May 29th, 1922 to Greek parents

The Invention Of Artificial Intelligence - 1668 Words

The idea that machines and technology can, and are, becoming â€Å"intelligent† is a scary thought. Throughout the history of technology, there has been a steady increase in the capabilities of software, and much research has gone into how these capabilities can be used to â€Å"better† our lives. In our lives today, we all use some form of Artificial Intelligence daily. Some of these activities include: using cellular apps (Google Maps, Siri, Cortana), playing video games, and listening to music. Although the use of Artificial Intelligence has made human life more efficient and effective, it has also insinuated reliance and unsuspecting ignorance into our minds as well, and we do not even see it coming. The history of Artificial†¦show more content†¦The mission statement that was developed during the conference stated, â€Å"Every aspect of learning or other feature of intelligence can, in principle, be so precisely described that a machine can be made t o simulate it.† As a result of the Dartmouth summer research project, The General Problem Solver was born. Created by Herbert Simon, J.C. Shaw, and Allen Newell, the general problem solver originated as a theory of human program, specifically â€Å"a program that stimulates human thought†. The basis of the general problem solver was to use general logic and algorithms to solve common sense problems. Initially, it could only be used in â€Å"well-defined† problems, basically proving theorems that had already been created. Although with the introduction of the personal computer in the 1980s and the evolution of smart devices, Artificial intelligence has become practically a daily necessity in our lives today. By the current year 2017, Artificial Intelligence has grown much larger than simply The General Problem Solver. Technologists now differentiate between AI and ML (Machine Learning) when considering intelligence. While artificial intelligence is the broa der way of describing a machine being able to complete a task using human input, machine learning is specifically a division of artificial intelligence in which computers can self-learn without the need for human programming. In simplest terms, the goal of machine learning is toShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1603 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence is the study and development of enabling computer and machine technology to learn, simulate intelligence, use logic, and perform tasks that are typically performed by humans. Artificial intelligence is an area of research that has been prone to controversy. Researchers are conflicted in regards to whether artificial intelligence is beneficial. Some believe that it will help solve many societal issues, others fear that it will cause furtherRead MoreFuture Of Life : Thanks With Artificial Intelligence1451 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of Life: Thanks to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is soon to be a massively important and relevant part of our future. I have no doubt about it, and knowing this... I began my research simply wanting to know more about AI and it’s current and speculative uses and capabilities. I wanted to know how we planned to accommodate for the biggest change our species has ever experienced, I wanted to find out how legislature would adapt, how research would spring up, how productionRead MoreResearch Paper On Artificial Intelligence1641 Words   |  7 Pages Troy University IS 3310: XTIB Introduction to Information Systems and Data Analytics Artificial Intelligence Brittany Cook July 20, 2017 Abstract This research involves discovering how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has progressed and how it could potentially replace mankind. The goal of this research is to provide examples of how Artificial Intelligence is incorporated into our daily lives and provides an easier way of living. Today, we live in a world where technology is constantlyRead MoreHow The Society Values Computer Technology1716 Words   |  7 PagesNS160014. Computer and the Society How the Society values Computer Technology Question: Google SDK/Artificial-Intelligence: Is it Good or bad? Table of Content 1.0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 1.1 My theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 1.2 Respondents opinions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 2.0 Summary and Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Figures Fig 1.2.0 Do you interact with artificial intelligent systems? ........................................5 Fig 1.2.1 is it possible for human thinkingRead MoreThe Dangers Of Artificial Intelligence1701 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Whoever perceives that robots and artificial intelligence are merely here to serve humanity, think again. 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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the highest forms of technology that we can create and can benefit the world in many ways if done correctly. The United States need to focus more resources on building this technology because there is no moral issues about building AI; working on it now is much safer than waiting for someone else, another nationRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Chapppie722 Words   |  3 Pagesrobot police keep the streets in order, smarter inventions are bound to arise. In the movie Chappie, the main character Chappie, is programmed with a new system that can make him feel and think independently. This film relates to the philosophers Searle and Turing due to their similar topics of Artificial Intelligence. Searle distinguishes two types of Artificial Intelligence which is Strong Artificial Intelligence and Weak Artificial Intelligence. They are both categorized based on the objectivesRead MoreIs Artificial Intelligence Becoming Mightier Than The Human Intelligence? Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body of a human being. Intelligence is defined as the mental ability to reason, solve problems and learn. The cognitive ability of the brain changes through variations in the environment. The human brain has evolved over time hence an opportunity to improve the intelligence of the human species. The evolution of language is the most qualitative change of the conscious brain that differentiates us from other creatures. John McCarthy defines artificial intelligence as the science of engineering

Computer Science at the University of Arizona Essay Example For Students

Computer Science at the University of Arizona Essay The University of Arizonas Computer Science Department is a quality research program. The most recent National Research Council rankings place the department 33rd out of 108 PhD-granting institutions nationwide, despite the fact that we are a comparatively small department. In addition, we are the best Computer Science department of our size among publicly funded Universities, with the highest in number of citations (references) per faculty, and 17th overall in the number of publications per faculty. Another measure of our research productivity includes awards of external research funding in excess of $2.5 million from such prestigious sources as DARPA, INTEL, and NSF, including our fourth 5-year Research Infrastructure awarded in 2000. Our faculty serve on the editorial boards of a variety of journals, serve on program committees, publish books, and serve as fellows and chairs of organizations within the ACM and IEEE. In terms of teaching, our undergraduate and graduate curriculum provides a timely and well-rounded view of the field, with special emphasis on the practical aspects of building useful software. Our strengths lie in the traditional mainstream of areas of computer science: algorithms, programming languages, operating systems, distributed computing, networks, databases and theory of computing. We also offer courses in some subfields: graphics, artificial intelligence and the software aspects of computer architecture. The departments programs prepare students for positions in the design and development of computer systems and applications, in business and industry, and for scientific positions in industrial or academic computing research. The Computer Science department was established in 1973 as a graduate department offering masters and doctoral degrees. An undergraduate program was initiated in 1989. We currently have 15 faculty members, 3 lecturers, 5 technical support staff, and 4 research programmers affiliated with specific funding. The graduate program contains 61 MS students, 22 PhD candidates: the undergraduate program has 205 bachelors students and 400+ pre-majors. There are currently three Computing Laboratories available: Harvill 332b (houses a 31-station Pentium III based Windows 2000 instructional lab), Gould-Simpson 228 (contains a 50-station Xterm Pentium III based Windows 2000 instructional lab), and the Research Lab in Gould-Simpson 748/756. Students receive accounts on both the main instructional machine, Lectura, (a multiprocessor, Sun SparcServer running the Solaris operating system), and on the Windows 2000 network. All systems have access to 100Mb switched Ethernet connections and direct Internet connectivity. The Gould-Simpson Research Lab contains numerous Pentium III Windows 2000/Linux OS systems, specialized printers, graphics devices, and PC clusters. Our largest computing cluster is a 64-node Pentium cluster, our newest, a 16-node Pentium cluster supporting nonblocking, switched Gigabit ethernet. Two Network Appliance file servers with over 200 GBs of available file storage provide shared data across systems. The Research Lab is used by graduate students and faculty for research projects. The Computer Science department is located on the 7th floor of Gould-Simpson , with offices on the 8th floor, Bio Sciences East 3rd floor, and labs on the 2nd floor of GS and the 3rd floor of the Harvill building. Our Academic Services Office is located in room 725 of Gould-Simpson. .